e-signing document and attestation using e-ID (Smart-ID/Mobile-ID)

In Estonia, citizens, businesses, and government agencies sign documents and contracts digitally with full legal validity. They use their e-ID, mobile-ID, or smart-ID to create a qualified electronic signature (QES). A QES has the same legal value as a handwritten signature. The user enters the personal identification number 2 (PIN2) on their device to sign. This action triggers the secure cryptographic process. The system then adds a timestamp and a certificate chain to the document, which makes it tamper-evident and easy to verify. In Estonia, digital signatures are in use across almost every sector, which includes government approvals, bank authorizations, real estate transactions, healthcare consent, and private contracts, among others.