i-Voting (Online Voting) via e-ID (Mobile-ID/Smart-ID)

Estonia was the first country to conduct legally binding national elections over the internet, a system introduced in 2005. It allows eligible voters anywhere in the world to cast their ballot securely with their national e-ID credentials. Voters authenticate themselves through the first personal identification number (PIN1), and the actual vote is digitally signed with PIN2, which generates a qualified electronic signature. The cryptographic process ensures end-to-end integrity and non-repudiation, while anonymity is preserved through vote encryption and the separation of identity from ballot content. The Population Register validates voter eligibility in real time through secure interoperability services.